Rowan Jordaan, past killer whaler/sealer and current MIMMP PhD student visits the CEBC in France

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Rowan Jordaan (MIMMP PhD student) has just started his 2 month visit to the Centre d’Etudes Biologiques de Chizé (CEBC) (i.e. Chizé Centre for Biological Sciences) laboratory in Villiers en Bois, France. The CEBC is part of the French National Center for Scientific Research (CNRS) which is largest governmental research organisation in France and the largest fundamental science agency in Europe. The CEBC is globally recognized as a nexus for Southern Ocean top predator ecological research.

During his visit, Rowan will be working with his co-supervisor, MIMMP collaborator and past student, Dr. Ryan Reisinger who is completing a post-doc at the CEBC. With the help of Ryan and his colleagues, Rowan aims to further his research on the demography and sociality of Marion Island’s killer whales. This research will investigate the relationship between demography and social structure and the potential drivers behind these changes.

Rowan’s visit will strengthen an existing Southern Ocean killer whale collaboration between South African, French and Australian researchers (including a Southern Oceans Research Partnership project led by the MIMMPS Principle Investigator, Prof. Nico de Bruyn). We look forward to seeing results from this exciting project!

Prof Nico de Bruyn, MIMMP's team leader and Principal Investigator nominated as a finalist in the NSTF awards

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On behalf of the MIMMP we would like to congratulate Prof Nico de Bruyn as a finalist in the NSTF-South32 Awards (The National Science and Technology Forum (NSTF)). Prof de Bruyn is team leader and Principal Investigator for the Marion Island Marine Mammal Programme.

He has been nominated in the following catergory:

Innovation Awards: Corporate Organisation-for innovations and their research and/or development (by a team or an individual over the last 5 to 10 years).

We are holding thumbs for you Prof de Bruyn!

To read more about the finalists and awards please visit the NSTF website: http://www.nstf.org.za/awards/finalists/current/

Prof de Bruyn on Marion Island.

Prof de Bruyn on Marion Island.



New MIMMP Short Note published in Polar Biology!

Anomalous lanugo coat in a sub-Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) pup (photographed next to a normal black pup) born at Cape Davis Sealers Beach on Marion Island during the austral summer of 2015/2016.Photo credit: M. Mole

Anomalous lanugo coat in a sub-Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) pup (photographed next to a normal black pup) born at Cape Davis Sealers Beach on Marion Island during the austral summer of 2015/2016.

Photo credit: M. Mole

Latest publication from MIMMP. This opportunistic study identified for the first time uncharacteristic lanugo coat colourations in sub-Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) pups born on Marion Island. 

Instead of having normal black fur, a number of sub-Antarctic fur seal pups with lightly tanned fur coats were observed and recorded on the island between 2008-2018. 

Click here to access this paper!

Stories from the Antarctic Peninsula

A view from Harmony Point over to Robert Island in the background (Chris Oosthuizen)

A view from Harmony Point over to Robert Island in the background (Chris Oosthuizen)

William and Lucas with some chinstrap penguins

William and Lucas with some chinstrap penguins

“This could be Scott’s hut”, I thought, as I stepped through the door and into the kitchen. Pine food boxes filled the wall to the left, and contained tinned butter, mold-speckled and rusted cans of fish, and gold-with-brown rust-encrusted paraffin food tins. It was dark inside, and damp as if in a cave, as wooden planks were hammered into the outside wall to cover and protect the single window from the elements. Were you able to look through that window, you would have seen the blue ice of the glacier beyond the small cove. Outside it was light, although shortly after 01:00 AM. It was going to be a long morning of shifting gear from the landing beach to the hut. But after the drama of the previous day we were euphoric to be here, even if it meant being deserted at midnight alone on this Antarctic island. 

Our journey here had started with delayed flights and two missed connections, and long airport hours. We arrived in Punta Arenas, Chile, on 23 November and 18 hours later stepped aboard “Achilles”, a frigate of the Chilean Navy. There were six of us: Team Harmony Point (Nelson Island) (Chris [South Africa], William [France] and Lucas [Brazil]) and Team Kopaitic (O’Higgens base) (Audun [Norway], Newi [South Africa] and Magdalena [Chile]. Andy [England/Australia] and Heidi [Finland] had already arrived at Deception Island, having left Ushuaia with a 5-star Hurtigruter tourist ship a few days earlier. Our board were of the 1-star variety one associates with army rations. Breakfast was sweet tea and a type of bread-roll, which also featured during afternoon tea. Lunch and dinner was a cooked meal consisting of (s)mash potato (often), rice or pasta, and some form of gravy, a small piece of meat, or a single vienna. 

Together, our three teams make up the predator tracking side of “krilltokt”, the Norwegian Polar Institute study to krill, krill-fisheries and ecosystem responses in the Bransfield Strait, West Antarctic Peninsula. Also on the Achilles were scientists from INACh (Instituto Antarctica Chileno) and quite a number of tourists. The tourists never ate with us, and I assume they had a different cook. We departed Punta Arenas 15:00 on 24 November and sailed south through the channels and fjords that lead to the open ocean. The hills and mountains that bound the narrow straits were covered by lush forest, and waterfalls drained the slopes. We passed the Darwin mountains – I am told – and several glaciers. It was a spectacular passage. We were exited to see that night, only to enter the waterways again and to sail in the Beagle Channel past Ushuaia to Puerto Williams, where we docked and went ashore for some hours. We were supposed to leave that night again, but were delayed by stormy weather in the Drake Passage….

We woke at 01:00 AM on 29 November and were ready to go to the island at 02:30 when the zodiac and barge were put to sea. We waved our goodbyes and off we went, like conquering Vikings, splashing into the waves, and speeding to the shore. The barge is called a SKUA, but looked a little like the boats used at Normandy during the Second World War. Fortunately, we had no enemy force shooting at us; instead, Pintado petrels swooped along with us and glided above and ahead without flapping a wing. The fog was thick over the island, which looked inhospitable and cold with snow covering most of the ground. We turned close to the shore and returned to the barge, to tell them where to land. They had engine trouble, with only one of the engines working. We circled them like a vulture waiting for an animal to die. Then we tried to push to barge to shore with our zodiac. We proceeded some distance, but finally the Armada – the Chilean navy – decided to abort the attempt. We were so close.
Communication was difficult – Spanish and English. It took us some 30 minutes to get the barge back to the waiting ship. Our driver thought that the best way to turn the barge was to ram it. At one point we were nearly sunk by the barge as we carelessly drifted in front of it. We were back on the ship, somewhat shell-shocked that we had come so close to being landed but then our attempt was thwarted by an engine, not an uncontrollable variable like weather. The ship lifted anchor and immediately sailed for Fildes Station on King George Island. 

We successfully landed on the night of 30 November / 1 December, now nearly two weeks ago. We have settled in, and during a couple of good weather days deployed some 30 tags on penguins, and a camera.
We are currently inhabiting the old Argentinean hut, but will set our tents as soon as we get a decent weather break that does not require immediate work. Though cold and run down (the hut’s door fell off the hinges earlier today, but we have repaired it (like biologists, not engineers)) it has been a great comfort during this first weeks.
Regards from Harmony Point,
Chris 

An image from a chinstrap penguin equipped with an underwater camera.

An image from a chinstrap penguin equipped with an underwater camera.

MIMMP contributing to krill fishing/predator study in Antarctica

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This summer, MIMMP postdoctoral fellow Chris Oosthuizen is partaking in a multinational expedition in the West Antarctic Peninsula which aims to uncover predator-prey relationships that can be used in feedback management of the krill fishery in this region of the Southern Ocean. The invitation to participate in the expedition arises from the MIMMP’s current collaboration with Dr Andrew Lowther of the Norwegian Polar Institute (NPI) within the South African National Antarctic Programme (SANAP) framework. The Chilean Antarctic Institute (INACH) and Chilean navy support this cooperation by providing logistical support to the expedition.

The large, multidisciplinary expedition in the Bransfield Strait spans most of the short Antarctic summer, from November 2018 to end February 2019. Using miniaturized telemetry devices, teams located on three different islands within the Bransfield Strait will study the foraging behavior of krill-dependent predators. Concurrently, the spatial distribution and abundance of the krill prey field will be obtained through ship-based acoustic monitoring. By combining predator foraging behaviour data and acoustic monitoring data, the spatio-temporal overlap between at-sea habitat use of penguins and fur seals and krill fishing effort can be estimated. The data on predator foraging behaviour collected during this (and past) field season(s) will assist in the development of spatially and temporally relevant feedback strategies for long-term management of the krill fishery, including the planning process for Marine Protected Areas (MPA’s).

Chinstrap penguin (Chris Oosthuizen)

Chinstrap penguin (Chris Oosthuizen)

Chris (MIMMP, South Africa) will be based at Harmony Point on Nelson Island for the duration of the expedition, along with William Jouanneau (France) and Lucas Kruger (INACH, Chile).  Nelson Island is part of the South Shetland Islands, and an Antarctic Specially Protected Area. Though most of Nelson Island is covered by glaciers, Harmony Point is ice-free and supports breeding colonies of 12 seabird species, among which one of the largest single colonies of chinstrap penguin (Pygoscelis antarctica) in Antarctica. Large giant petrel (Macronectes gianteus) and gentoo penguin (Pygoscelis papua) colonies also occur here. Seals do not breed here, but often haul out to rest. Harmony Point is botanically interesting too, as moss carpets, as well as lichens, fungi and two species of vascular plants, occur here. There is no field station Nelson Island and thus the team will camp for the duration of the expedition.  

South Africa is further represented on this expedition by Dr Azwianewi Makhado from the Department of Environmental Affairs (DEA), who was a MIMMP sealer on Marion Island in 1999/2000. Together with Audun Narvestad (NPI, Norway) and Magdalena Huerta (INACH, Chile), Dr Newi Makhado will be camping on Kopaitic Island near the Bernardo O’Higgens Base (Chile) on the Antarctic Peninsula. The final team, comprising Dr Andrew Lowther (NPI, Norway) and Dr Heidi Ahonen (NPI, Norway) set up camp at Deception Island on 23 November.

The Harmony Point and Kopaitic Island teams sailed from Punta Arenas (Chile) on 24 November aboard the Frigate Achilles. They arrived at the South Shetland Islands on 29 November having navigated the Beagle Channel and Drake Passage on the way.

More updates coming soon!

Blond pups and population recovery in Antarctic fur seals

A. gazella

A. gazella

Evaluating how populations are connected by migration is important for understanding species resilience in changing environments. Gene flow can help recovery from demographic declines, sometimes quite dramatically as in the case of Antarctic fur seals (Arctocephalus gazella). In a study now published in Royal Society Open Science an international team (including the MIMMP) investigated the extent to which migration may have contributed to the global recovery of this circumpolar distributed marine mammal that was brought to the brink of extinction by the sealing industry in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries. It is widely believed that animals emigrating from South Georgia, where a relict population escaped sealing, contributed to the re-establishment of formerly occupied breeding colonies across the geographical range of the species.

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To investigate this, we interrogated a genetic polymorphism (S291F) in the melanocortin 1 receptor gene, which is responsible for a cream-coloured phenotype that is relatively abundant at South Georgia and which appears to have recently spread to localities as far afield as Marion Island in the sub-Antarctic Indian Ocean. By sequencing a short region of this gene in 1492 pups from eight breeding colonies, we showed that S291F frequency rapidly declines with increasing geographical distance from South Georgia, consistent with locally restricted gene flow from South Georgia mainly to the South Shetland Islands and Bouvetøya. The S291F allele was not detected farther afield, suggesting that although emigrants from South Georgia may have been locally important, they are unlikely to have played a major role in the recovery of geographically more distant populations.

Hoffman et al. 2018 Royal Society Open Science  (http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/10/181227)

http://rsos.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/5/10/181227

Managing for change: Using vertebrate at sea habitat use to direct management efforts

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Another Antarctic fur seal research output from our productive and ongoing collaboration with colleagues from Australia, the UK and USA. Here, Ben Arthur and co-authors put forward data on changing foraging patterns in the species from three Southern Ocean localities (including Marion Island) over several decades, and include some thoughts on management implications.

For the full article please see the following link: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1470160X18302735

Bigger is better: heavier seal pups gain a double advantage

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A new study led by MIMMP postdoctoral fellow Chris Oosthuizen and published in the journal Oikos shows that size matters in more than one way for elephant seal pups.

This paper used data collected over a 30-year period to determine the relationship between weaning mass and fitness in elephant seal pups from Marion Island. Pups were marked and weighed at weaning – a considerable task for the sealers in the field given that elephant seal pups weigh 114 kg on average and up to 190 kg at weaning – and then followed through their lives.

Weaning mass correlated positively with first-year survival (Figure left), but its influence was unimportant for survival of older pre-breeders and breeders. In contrast, a strong positive link persisted between weaning mass and the age of first rep…

Weaning mass correlated positively with first-year survival (Figure left), but its influence was unimportant for survival of older pre-breeders and breeders. In contrast, a strong positive link persisted between weaning mass and the age of first reproduction, which typically occurs at ages three and four in female elephant seals (Figure right).

Heavier female elephant seal pups survived better in early life and started breeding at a younger age than lighter-weaned pups. The importance of weaning mass on early survival has been reported previously, but this paper draws particular attention to the previously unknown influence of weaning mass on the age at first reproduction. This is a noteworthy finding considering that recruitment only occurs several years after weaning, and because pre-recruitment mortality already imposed a strong selective filter on the population. Reproductive parameters such as age of first reproduction typically impact fitness less than survival in long-lived species, but still influences the dynamics of populations through ensuing effects on other traits (e.g., tradeoffs between reproduction and survival). In growing populations, however, early reproduction increases fitness, indicating the importance of taking the timing of reproduction within the life cycle of an organism into account.

Although variation in weaning mass did not translate to permanent survival differences among individuals in adulthood, it explained heterogeneity and positive covariation between survival and breeding in early life, which contribute to between-individual variation in fitness. Mothers that do not allocate sufficient energy to their pups thus risk reducing their own fitness through lower offspring survival and delayed breeding among surviving offspring.

Talk by Prof Nico de Bruyn: Seals and killers in the roaring forties

Join us at The Orbit in Braamfontein on the 27th of February to listen to Prof Nico de Bruyn talk about seals and killers in the roaring forties.

In this talk, Nico de Bruyn will give us a whirl-wind tour of the research that has driven three decades of scientific inquiry into the population dynamics of mammalian marine top-predators and explain how this research has helped to answer questions of global significance from a region experiencing increased environmental change.

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This talk is hosted Science & Cocktails which is an initiative that brings science and entertainment closer together by creating a series of public lectures intertwined with music/art performances and smoky dry-ice chilled cocktails in your hand.

Entrance to the event costs R20. Doors open at 18:30, no admittance after 20:00. For more info go to http://www.scienceandcocktails.org/jozi/2018/MarionIsland.html

See you there!

New study published on habitat importance for multiple marine predators

Fig 1 taken from Reisinger et al (2017) Diversity and Distributions, showing the tracks of 14 species of marine vertebrate predator over a decade.

Fig 1 taken from Reisinger et al (2017) Diversity and Distributions, showing the tracks of 14 species of marine vertebrate predator over a decade.

The distribution of marine predators is driven by the distribution and abundance of their prey; areas preferred by multiple marine predator species should therefore indicate areas of ecological significance. Research collaborator (and past student) of the MIMMP, Dr Ryan Reisinger along with a multinational research team used tracking data from 538 tag deployments on 14 species of marine predators from the Subantarctic Prince Edward islands to identify important habitat. Tracks were modelled as a response to 17 relevant environmental factors to identify such important habitat. The study, recently published in the journal Diversity and Distributions , helps to form the basis of future efforts to predict the consequences of environmental change.

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Tracking locations covered 39.75 million km2, up to 7,813 km from the Prince Edward Islands. Areas of high importance were located broadly from the Subtropical Zone to the Polar Frontal Zone in summer and from the Subantarctic to Antarctic Zones in winter. Such areas of importance were best predicted by factors including wind speed, sea surface temperature, water depth and ocean current speed.

To read the full story go to: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/ddi.12702/full

Prof Nico de Bruyn-category winner in a prestigious photographic competition!

Scientists from across the world were asked to submit their photographs for the 2017 Royal Society Publishing Photography Competition. The MIMMP's Principal Investigator, Prof Nico de Bruyn, was awarded the winner of the "Ecology and Environmental Science" category. The MIMMP team would like to congratulate Professor de Bruyn on this prestigious award! Please see the link below for the winning picture.

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https://royalsociety.org/journals/publishing-activities/photo-competition/2017-winners-runners-up/

Field assistant positions for Marion Island 2018-2019- CLOSED

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Three field assistant positions (2 x "Sealers" and 1 x "Whaler") are once again available at Marion Island, April 2018 - May 2019. All three positions are embedded within the research programme: "Marion Island Marine Mammals: Individual Variation and Population Processes in Changing Environments"

For instructions and more information:

Mammalogist- Seals

Mammalogist- Killer Whales

Please read the advertisements carefully and follow the application instructions therein.

 An overview documentary of what you might expect in these positions can be                       viewed here and further insight about our science gained by looking at our                           publications. Additional information about the positions and a background to the               programme can be found on our programme history, 'working with us' and                           FAQ pages.

If you want a good idea of what life as a sealer is all about on Marion, consider purchasing a copy of our book - 'Pain forms the Character' 

Inquiries and cover letters may be sent to Ms Kate du Toit (katedutoit@hotmail.com) and cc to the Principal Investigator of this specific project: Prof Nico de Bruyn (pjndebruyn@zoology.up.ac.za).

DEADLINE: 20 November 2017

MIMMP science putting Subantarctic animals on the map!

Figure 1: From top left going clockwise, the Subantarctic fur seal, Antarctic fur seal, Killer Whale and Southern Elephant Seal.

Figure 1: From top left going clockwise, the Subantarctic fur seal, Antarctic fur seal, Killer Whale and Southern Elephant Seal.

MIMMP scientists have been involved in updating the Mammal Red List for the Endangered Wildlife Trust (EWT). These assessments are vital to assess the conservation status of a particular species. Scientists from the MIMMP were responsible for the assessments of four Subantarctic species, namely, the Antarctic and Subantarctic fur seal, the Southern Elephant Seal and the Killer Whale. Using long-term data gathered over the years by the MIMMP team, scientists are able to determine things such as population size, habitat use, distribution and the overall National Red List Status of each species. This information also provides critical information for future research targets and the state of the species living in the Southern Ocean.

If you would like to read more about the MIMMP Red List species please see the links below:

https://www.ewt.org.za/Reddata/Order%20Carnivora.html

https://www.ewt.org.za/Reddata/Order%20Cetacea.html

MEOP - Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole

A CTD-SRDL device attached to a southern elephant seal on Marion Island

A CTD-SRDL device attached to a southern elephant seal on Marion Island

MEOP is an unprecedented collaborative effort! It is a consortium of international researchers dedicated to sharing animal-derived data and knowledge about the polar oceans. The MIMMP has been a key player in this global effort. A recent review of this MEOP (Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole) project, published in Oceanography, was spearheaded by MIMMP postdoc, Dr Anne Treasure! https://doi.org/10.5670/oceanog.2017.234 

The physical structure of the polar oceans plays a crucial role in the global ocean and climate system. Nevertheless, the polar seas are notoriously poorly sampled due to difficulties with data collection, such as high costs, logistic issues and rough weather. Marine mammals equipped with biologging devices provide a solution to this problem. The devices, conductivity-temperature-depth satellite relay data loggers (CTD-SRDLs), record location with vertical profiles of conductivity (from which salinity is calculated), temperature and pressure. Since 2002, marine mammals have provided novel observations of polar regions, including areas that are logistically difficult to sample (Fig. 2). In this way, the addition of marine mammals to the global array of ocean profilers (such as traditional Argo floats) provides a powerful and cost-effective means to drastically improve the ocean-observing system for both biological and physical oceanography communities.

Figure 2: The data density distribution of CTD profiles from the Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole (MEOP)-CTD database.  

Figure 2: The data density distribution of CTD profiles from the Marine Mammals Exploring the Oceans Pole to Pole (MEOP)-CTD database.  

Instrumented animals have already generated extremely large sets of oceanographic data which are now freely available to the scientific community through the MEOP data portal (http://meop.net). The comprehensive quality-controlled MEOP database contains over 500 000 CTD profiles and is an exceptional resource for both biological and physical oceanographers.

Getting to the tip of the whisker…. Confirming the crustacean-based diet of juvenile southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina

How large is the contribution of crustaceans (krill) to the diet of juvenile southern elephant seals (SES) at the Subantarctic Marion Island?

Whiskers tell us what elephant seals eat.. and when!

Juvenile southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina from Marion Island. Photo credit Nico Lubcker

Juvenile southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina from Marion Island. Photo credit Nico Lubcker

In this novel paper, we used the nitrogen and carbon stable isotope values measured chronologically along the length of whiskers sampled from juvenile southern elephant seals Mirounga leonina to test the recent suggestion that they “represent a new krill predator within the Southern Ocean” (Walters et al. 2014). Stable isotope analysis is based on the principle ‘you are what you eat’, and we have reconstructed the diet of juvenile SES based on the biomolecule composition of their whiskers. This paper follows from an earlier study that quantified the regrowth rate of the whiskers sampled from the juvenile SES (Lübcker et al. 2017). This first, time-integrated dietary reconstruction of juvenile SES at Marion Island showed that they consumed prey from a lower trophic level than previously assumed.

Fig. 2. Representation of data indicating the 3 isotopically distinct portions of the vibrissal regrowths collected from juvenile southern elephant seals Miro - unga leonina. Life history events can be distinguished based on δ15N (mean ± SD) measure…

Fig. 2. Representation of data indicating the 3 isotopically distinct portions of the vibrissal regrowths collected from juvenile southern elephant seals Miro - unga leonina. Life history events can be distinguished based on δ15N (mean ± SD) measured along the length of the vibrissae. The onset (indicated by the arrow) of the independent foraging (transitioning period) is characterised by a 3.7‰ δ15N depletion and we used only the period representing independent foraging for dietary reconstruction (red box). The solid black line with grey error bands represents the 15N mean ± SD of all the sampled juveniles

The depleted stable isotope values of nitrogen (δ15N) (8.5 ± 0.6‰) measured in their whisker during the independent foraging period confirmed that up to 76% of their diets consisted of crustaceans, presumably Subantarctic krill species. This is contrary to earlier studies which suggested that they consumed mostly lantern fishes and squid. This first utilisation of the isotopic values captured along the length of whisker regrowths confirms the inclusion - and importance - of crustaceans in the diet of juvenile SES and has important implications for their conservation.

Read the full story here:

Marine Ecology Progress Series https://doi.org/10.3354/meps12240